EYE am FINE

👁 Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) and the EyeThe autonomic nervous system operates independently from conscious control, and it significantly affects ocular functions.It consists of the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions, each targeting pupil size and lens accommodation.🧠 Sympathetic Nervous System ("Fight or Flight")ReceptorLocationEffectα1Pupil dilatorPupil dilation (mydriasis)β2Ciliar..

👁 Side Effects of Prostaglandin Analogues in GlaucomaPG analogues are first-line agents for glaucoma with excellent IOP-lowering effect.While systemic side effects are rare, some local cosmetic and ocular changes may occur.📋 Common Adverse EffectsSide EffectDescriptionReversibleConjunctival hyperemiaMost common, tends to decrease over time✅ YesIris pigmentationIncreased melanin in melanocytes❌..

👁 What Are Prostaglandin Analogues (PG)?PG analogues are the most commonly used first-line therapy forprimary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) and normal-tension glaucoma (NTG).✅ Mechanism of ActionBinds to FP receptors in the ciliary muscle→ Relaxes tissue & remodels ECM→ Increases uveoscleral outflow→ Lowers intraocular pressure (IOP)💊 Common PG DrugsDrug NameKey FeaturesBimatoprostBoosts both uve..

👁 Postoperative Management After TrabeculectomyTrabeculectomy remains the standard surgical approach for glaucoma.However, postoperative care is critical to ensure long-term IOP control and bleb function.💧 1. Eye Drops After SurgeryDrop TypePurposeAntibioticsPrevent bleb infection and endophthalmitisSteroidsSuppress inflammation and protect drainageCycloplegicsRelax ciliary body, deepen anteri..

👁 What if IOP rises again after trabeculectomy?Although trabeculectomy usually controls IOP well in early stages,bleb fibrosis or adhesion may cause IOP elevation later.➡ Post-op management becomes crucial.💧 1. Digital MassageIndicated if IOP > 12 mmHg in early phaseGently press the lower eyelid with the index finger for 10 secondsStimulates aqueous flow through blebAlternate: CTM (Carlo Trave..

👁 What is Trabeculectomy?A standard glaucoma surgery first described by Cairns in 1968Goal: Lower IOP → Protect optic nerve → Preserve visionMechanism: Create a new bypass route for aqueous humor outflow💧 Normal Aqueous OutflowEye → Trabecular Meshwork (TM) → Schlemm’s Canal (SC)→ Aqueous Veins (AV) / Intrascleral Plexus (ISP) → OutsideThis is the trabecular outflow system (90% of drainage)The..

👁 What is Glaucoma Suspect?A glaucoma suspect is not yet diagnosed with glaucoma,but shows risk factors or suspicious findings.📌 Diagnostic FeaturesFindingDefinitionOcular HypertensionIOP ≥ 21 mmHgOptic Disc SuspicionVCDR ≥ 0.6, rim thinning/notchingRNFL ChangesRetinal nerve fiber layer defectsVisual Field ChangesPossible glaucomatous field loss✅ True glaucoma = Requires both structure & funct..

👁 Types of Glaucoma: Open-Angle vs Angle-ClosureGlaucoma is a progressive optic neuropathy marked by:Structural damage to the optic nerveFunctional loss (visual field defects)This condition can be classified anatomically based on the status of the anterior chamber angle.📌 Angle-Closure Glaucoma (ACG)The angle between the iris and cornea is visibly closedAccounts for ~10% of all glaucomaAqueous..

👁 What is Posner-Schlossman Syndrome (PSS)?First described in 1948 by Posner & SchlossmanAlso called Glaucomatocyclitic Crisis (GCC)Characterized by recurrent, unilateral episodes of elevated IOP with mild anterior uveitisAffects young to middle-aged males (20–50 years)🔍 Clinical FeaturesPhaseFindingsAcute attack Elevated IOP (40–60 mmHg)Mild ocular inflammationKeratic precipitates (KPs)Cornea..