Disease&Treatment31 What is Glaucoma? Structural damage to the optic nerve& Functional loss (visual field defects) 👁 What is Glaucoma?Glaucoma is a progressive optic neuropathycharacterized by loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and their axons,with both:Structural damage to the optic nerveFunctional loss (visual field defects)✅ It is the second leading cause of global blindness✅ It is painless, irreversible, and requires early detection🔍 Glaucoma Diagnosis Requires BOTH:ComponentDetailsStructuralOptic d.. 2025. 4. 20. Methanol-Induced Toxic Optic Neuropathy (TON), formic acid (formate) toxicity, blindness 👁 Methanol-Induced Toxic Optic Neuropathy (TON)Methanol is an industrial solvent used in windshield washer fluids, fuels, and antifreeze.Even small amounts can lead to severe visual loss or permanent blindness.🧪 PathophysiologyMethanol is metabolized in the liver to formic acid (formate)Formate accumulates in the optic nerve and retinaIt causes mitochondrial dysfunction, leading to:Axonal dege.. 2025. 4. 20. What is Ethambutol-Induced Optic Neuropathy (EON)?, TB ocular complication treatment of TB 👁 What is Ethambutol-Induced Optic Neuropathy (EON)?Ethambutol is a first-line treatment for tuberculosis (TB).Its most serious adverse effect is toxic optic neuropathy, referred to as EON. 🔬 PathophysiologyActs as a chelating agent → depletes essential metal ionsInhibits mitochondrial function in retinal ganglion cells→ Leads to axonal degeneration and optic nerve damage⚠ Risk FactorsFactorRi.. 2025. 4. 20. Overview of tuberculosis TB Treatment & Ethambutol Ocular Toxicity 👁 Overview of TB Treatment & Ethambutol Ocular ToxicityModern tuberculosis (TB) treatment relies on multi-drug regimens,usually over a 6-month period, using first-line anti-TB drugs:DrugAbbreviationFunctionIsoniazidHBactericidalRifampinRBactericidalEthambutolEResistance preventionPyrazinamideZRapid kill effect✅ Standard protocol: 2 HREZ / 4 HRFirst 2 months: H, R, E, ZNext 4 months: H, R💊 Fixe.. 2025. 4. 20. visual pathway:optic tract, lateral geniculate body (LGB), optic radiations, and visual cortex. 👁 Visual Field Defects by Lesion Location (Part 2)Following the previous overview of optic chiasm lesions,this summary focuses on the next segments of the visual pathway:optic tract, lateral geniculate body (LGB), optic radiations, and visual cortex.🧠 Key Visual TerminologyTermMeaningHomonymousSame-side (matching) field lossCongruousSymmetrical, identical field lossIncongruousAsymmetrical fiel.. 2025. 4. 19. Brain & Eye Connection: Visual Field Clues to Brain Lesions : Optic chiasm Optic tract 👁 Brain & Eye Connection: Visual Field Clues to Brain LesionsThe eye is embryologically part of the brain, and many central nervous system lesions produce visual field defects.Hence, neuro-ophthalmic signs can point toward intracranial pathology.🔍 Visual Pathway OverviewRetinaOptic nerveOptic chiasmOptic tractLateral geniculate body (LGB)Optic radiationMeyer's loop (temporal lobe): upper visua.. 2025. 4. 19. Radial Tear During Cataract Surgery? 👁 What is a Radial Tear During Cataract Surgery?A radial tear is a complication in which the anterior capsule tears outward in a radial patternduring CCC (Continuous Curvilinear Capsulorrhexis) in cataract surgery. 🔍 Normal Cataract Surgery StepsCorneal IncisionCCC – Circular tear in the anterior capsulePhacoemulsification – Lens emulsification & removalIOL Implantation – Lens placed in intac.. 2025. 4. 19. Visual Pathway :Retina Optic Nerve Optic Chiasm Optic Tract Lateral Geniculate Body (LGB) Optic Radiation Visual Cortex 👁 Visual Pathway Anatomy: Eye-Brain ConnectionThe eye and brain are anatomically and functionally deeply interconnected.The retina is an extension of the brain, and central nervous system disorders often manifest with visual symptoms. 🔍 Visual Pathway SequenceThe complete route from the retina to the brain’s visual cortex:RetinaOptic NerveOptic ChiasmOptic TractLateral Geniculate Body (LGB)Opt.. 2025. 4. 19. Argentina Flag Sign? CCC Continuous Curvilinear Capsulorrhexis complication cataract surgery 👁 What is CCC (Continuous Curvilinear Capsulorrhexis)?Introduced by Gimbel and Neuhann in 1984A key step in cataract surgeryCreates a smooth circular opening (5–5.5 mm) in the anterior lens capsulePrevents radial tears during phaco or IOL insertion🌀 What is the Argentina Flag Sign?A rapid bilateral radial tear of the anterior capsuleNamed for its resemblance to the Argentinian flagOften occurs.. 2025. 4. 19. Prev 1 2 3 4 Next
