Disease&Treatment50 Beta Blocker (BB) Glaucoma Eye Drops: Actions, Limitations (Short-term Escape/Long-term Drift), Ocular and Systemic Side Effects 👁 Glaucoma Treatment – Beta Blocker (BB) ReviewBeta blockers (BB) are first-line glaucoma medications that lower intraocular pressure (IOP)by inhibiting β2 receptors, thereby reducing aqueous humor production.💊 Common BB Agents & IOP ReductionDrugBrand NamesIOP Drop (mmHg)LevobunololBetagan4.51TimololTimoptic3.7CarteololCartelol3.44BetaxololBetoptic2.24➡ Timolol is the standard comparator in t.. 2025. 4. 20. Comparison of types, mechanisms, and effects of beta blockers (BB) among glaucoma drugs 👁 Glaucoma Treatment – Beta Blockers (BB) OverviewBeta blockers (BB) are one of the first-line treatments for primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG),commonly used alongside prostaglandin analogues.💡 Mechanism of ActionReceptorEffectMnemonicβ2Increases blood flow → ↑Aqueous production BBBlocks β2 → ↓blood flow → ↓Aqueous productionB↓ P↓➡ BBs work by reducing aqueous humor production💊 Common BB Med.. 2025. 4. 20. Glaucoma drug action mechanism based on autonomic nervous system principle, M agonist alpha1 alpha2 beta2 👁 Understanding Glaucoma Medications via Autonomic ReceptorsThe autonomic nervous system regulates intraocular pressure (IOP)by influencing aqueous outflow and production through various receptors.💊 Mechanism by Receptor TypeReceptor ActionMechanism of IOP ControlMnemonicM3 agonistContracts ciliary muscle → ↑Trabecular OutflowM↑ T↑α1 agonistDilates iris → ↑Trabecular OutflowA↑ T↑α1 antagonistC.. 2025. 4. 20. Relationship between the autonomic nervous system (sympathetic and parasympathetic) of the eye and ocular response, and its relationship with glaucoma medication 👁 Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) and the EyeThe autonomic nervous system operates independently from conscious control, and it significantly affects ocular functions.It consists of the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions, each targeting pupil size and lens accommodation.🧠 Sympathetic Nervous System ("Fight or Flight")ReceptorLocationEffectα1Pupil dilatorPupil dilation (mydriasis)β2Ciliar.. 2025. 4. 20. Side effects of prostaglandin (PG)-based glaucoma medications: bloodshot eyebrows, eyebrows, and lipoatrophy 👁 Side Effects of Prostaglandin Analogues in GlaucomaPG analogues are first-line agents for glaucoma with excellent IOP-lowering effect.While systemic side effects are rare, some local cosmetic and ocular changes may occur.📋 Common Adverse EffectsSide EffectDescriptionReversibleConjunctival hyperemiaMost common, tends to decrease over time✅ YesIris pigmentationIncreased melanin in melanocytes❌.. 2025. 4. 20. Mechanism of action, types, and comparative effects of prostaglandin (PG)-based glaucoma eye drops 👁 What Are Prostaglandin Analogues (PG)?PG analogues are the most commonly used first-line therapy forprimary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) and normal-tension glaucoma (NTG).✅ Mechanism of ActionBinds to FP receptors in the ciliary muscle→ Relaxes tissue & remodels ECM→ Increases uveoscleral outflow→ Lowers intraocular pressure (IOP)💊 Common PG DrugsDrug NameKey FeaturesBimatoprostBoosts both uve.. 2025. 4. 20. Postoperative Management After Trabeculectomy, eyedrops, suture removal 👁 Postoperative Management After TrabeculectomyTrabeculectomy remains the standard surgical approach for glaucoma.However, postoperative care is critical to ensure long-term IOP control and bleb function.💧 1. Eye Drops After SurgeryDrop TypePurposeAntibioticsPrevent bleb infection and endophthalmitisSteroidsSuppress inflammation and protect drainageCycloplegicsRelax ciliary body, deepen anteri.. 2025. 4. 20. What if IOP rises again after trabeculectomy? needling, digital massage, complication, re-operation 👁 What if IOP rises again after trabeculectomy?Although trabeculectomy usually controls IOP well in early stages,bleb fibrosis or adhesion may cause IOP elevation later.➡ Post-op management becomes crucial.💧 1. Digital MassageIndicated if IOP > 12 mmHg in early phaseGently press the lower eyelid with the index finger for 10 secondsStimulates aqueous flow through blebAlternate: CTM (Carlo Trave.. 2025. 4. 20. Trabeculectomy flow pathway, expained, post op care, pre op care 👁 What is Trabeculectomy?A standard glaucoma surgery first described by Cairns in 1968Goal: Lower IOP → Protect optic nerve → Preserve visionMechanism: Create a new bypass route for aqueous humor outflow💧 Normal Aqueous OutflowEye → Trabecular Meshwork (TM) → Schlemm’s Canal (SC)→ Aqueous Veins (AV) / Intrascleral Plexus (ISP) → OutsideThis is the trabecular outflow system (90% of drainage)The.. 2025. 4. 20. Prev 1 2 3 4 ··· 6 Next
