Methanol-Induced Toxic Optic Neuropathy (TON), formic acid (formate) toxicity, blindness
👁 Methanol-Induced Toxic Optic Neuropathy (TON)Methanol is an industrial solvent used in windshield washer fluids, fuels, and antifreeze.Even small amounts can lead to severe visual loss or permanent blindness.🧪 PathophysiologyMethanol is metabolized in the liver to formic acid (formate)Formate accumulates in the optic nerve and retinaIt causes mitochondrial dysfunction, leading to:Axonal dege..
What is Ethambutol-Induced Optic Neuropathy (EON)?, TB ocular complication treatment of TB
👁 What is Ethambutol-Induced Optic Neuropathy (EON)?Ethambutol is a first-line treatment for tuberculosis (TB).Its most serious adverse effect is toxic optic neuropathy, referred to as EON. 🔬 PathophysiologyActs as a chelating agent → depletes essential metal ionsInhibits mitochondrial function in retinal ganglion cells→ Leads to axonal degeneration and optic nerve damage⚠ Risk FactorsFactorRi..
Overview of tuberculosis TB Treatment & Ethambutol Ocular Toxicity
👁 Overview of TB Treatment & Ethambutol Ocular ToxicityModern tuberculosis (TB) treatment relies on multi-drug regimens,usually over a 6-month period, using first-line anti-TB drugs:DrugAbbreviationFunctionIsoniazidHBactericidalRifampinRBactericidalEthambutolEResistance preventionPyrazinamideZRapid kill effect✅ Standard protocol: 2 HREZ / 4 HRFirst 2 months: H, R, E, ZNext 4 months: H, R💊 Fixe..