EYE am FINE

Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis (LCH) is a rare, systemic disorder characterized by clonal proliferation of abnormal Langerhans cells, affecting bone, skin, lymph nodes, and internal organs.Orbital involvement is found in about 20–23% of LCH cases, with proptosis and superolateral bone erosion being classic findings.🔹 Classification & HistoryPreviously grouped as Histiocytosis X (Eosinophilic Gra..

👁 “Fibrous Histiocytoma of the Orbit – Most Common Adult Mesenchymal Tumor”Fibrous histiocytoma (FH) is a mesenchymal tumor composed of fibroblast- and histiocyte-like cells,and is considered the most common primary mesenchymal tumor of the adult orbit.It is typically located in the superonasal quadrant and presents with painless proptosis and globe displacement.🧠 Summary Table – Orbital Fibro..

Rhabdomyosarcoma is the most common primary malignant orbital tumor in children, originating from mesenchymal cells that would normally differentiate into striated muscle. It accounts for approximately 5% of pediatric malignancies and 2–4% of orbital masses.🔹 Epidemiology & FeaturesMedian age: 7–8 years, mostly diagnosed before age 6Clinical signs: Rapidly progressive, painless proptosis, lid s..

👁 “Orbital Schwannoma – From Anatomy to Histologic Diagnosis”Schwannoma, also called neurilemmoma, is a benign tumor originating from Schwann cellsof the peripheral nerve sheath.It is usually solitary in healthy individuals, but multiple lesions may indicate Neurofibromatosis Type I.In ophthalmology, schwannomas are rare but may occur in the orbit, conjunctiva, uvea, or even eyelid.🧠 Summary T..

Neurofibromas are benign peripheral nerve sheath tumors, commonly associated with Neurofibromatosis Type 1 (NF1) and Type 2 (NF2), which are multisystem genetic disorders with distinct clinical and ocular features.🔹 Neurofibromatosis Type 1 (NF1)Incidence: 1 in 2,600–3,000 birthsMain features: Skin lesions, peripheral nerve tumorsDiagnosis (≥2 of NIH criteria): 1) ≥6 café-au-lait macules 2) Axi..

👁 “Hypersensitivity Reactions in Ophthalmology – Types I to IV”Hypersensitivity refers to inappropriate or exaggerated immune responses to antigensthat are typically tolerated by the body.The Gell and Coombs classification (1963) remains the standard,dividing reactions into four types (I–IV), each with distinct immunologic mechanisms andclear links to various ocular diseases.🧠 Hypersensitivity..

Duane Retraction Syndrome (DRS) is a congenital ocular motility disorder caused by miswiring of cranial nerves, primarily affecting abduction/adduction and causing globe retraction and palpebral fissure narrowing.🔹 PathophysiologyNormally, CN III innervates the medial rectus and CN VI the lateral rectus.In DRS, CN VI is absent or underdeveloped, and CN III innervates both recti, causing co-cont..

👁 “Adjunctive and Surgical Treatments for Bacterial Keratitis – A Complete Guide”While topical antibiotics are the cornerstone of treatment,adjunctive therapies, judicious use of corticosteroids, and in severe cases,conjunctival flaps or full-thickness corneal grafts (PKP) may be necessary to save the eye.💊 Adjunctive Measures for Comfort & HealingMeasurePurposeLid hygiene / discharge removalI..

Treatment of bacterial keratitis hinges on prompt and targeted antibiotic therapy. Empirical broad-spectrum antibiotics are used initially, then tailored based on gram staining and culture results. Delivery methods vary based on severity and location of infection.🔹 Strategy OverviewEmpirical Therapy - For unknown or polymicrobial cases - 1st-gen cephalosporin + aminoglycoside or 4th-gen fluoroq..