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👁 Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) and the Eye

The autonomic nervous system operates independently from conscious control, and it significantly affects ocular functions.
It consists of the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions, each targeting pupil size and lens accommodation.


🧠 Sympathetic Nervous System ("Fight or Flight")

ReceptorLocationEffect
α1 Pupil dilator Pupil dilation (mydriasis)
β2 Ciliary muscle Relaxation → distant focus

➡ Prepares the eye for alertness and threat detection

 


💓 Parasympathetic Nervous System ("Rest & Digest")

ReceptorLocationEffect
M3 Pupil sphincter Pupil constriction (miosis)
M3 Ciliary muscle Contraction → near focus

📌 Near Reflex = ACM

  • Accommodation
  • Convergence
  • Miosis

✅ Summary

SystemSummary Action
Sympathetic Dilated pupils + far vision
Parasympathetic Constricted pupils + near vision

➡ These principles directly relate to mechanisms of glaucoma medications, to be covered next.

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