EYE am FINE

👁 Orbital Bone Anatomy: What Surrounds & Protects the Eye?The orbit is a bony cavity that houses and protects the eye,composed of several bones forming four walls.💡 Orbital Wall CompositionWallBonesSuperiorFrontal, Sphenoid (lesser wing)MedialMaxilla, Lacrimal, Ethmoid, SphenoidInferiorMaxilla, Zygoma, PalatineLateralZygoma, Sphenoid (greater wing)📌 Key LandmarksLandmarkAttached StructuresWhi..

👁 Mannitol & Osmotic Agents for IOP Reduction – Mechanism & Dosing GuideOsmotic agents reduce intraocular pressure (IOP) by drawing water out of the eye via osmotic gradients.Mannitol, given intravenously, is the most widely used agent in acute settings.💊 Mechanism OverviewDiuretic effectMannitol is filtered by the kidneyCauses fluid shift from blood to urine → strong diuresisIOP-lowering effe..

👁 Open vs Closed Angle Glaucoma – What’s the Difference?Glaucoma is a progressive optic neuropathy with visual field loss.Depending on the configuration of the anterior chamber angle, it is classified as:✅ Open-Angle Glaucoma (OAG)✅ Angle-Closure Glaucoma (ACG)💡 Key DifferencesCategoryOpen-Angle Glaucoma (OAG)Angle-Closure Glaucoma (ACG)Angle AppearanceAppears open (grossly)Closed due to iris ..

👁 Glaucoma Fixed Combination Eye Drops – Full OverviewManaging glaucoma often requires multiple medications.However, patient compliance drops as the number of drops increases.To solve this, fixed combination eye drops have been developed to combine 2 or more active ingredients in one bottle.💊 Drug Key and MechanismsSymbolClassMechanismⓑBeta Blockers (BB)↓ Aqueous productionⓐα2 Agonists↓ Produc..

💊 Oral Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors (CAI) for GlaucomaOral CAIs reduce intraocular pressure by suppressing aqueous production.Used when topical therapy is insufficient or urgent pressure lowering is needed. 🧪 Comparison TableItemAcetazolamideMethazolamideDose250mg up to 4/day50mg twice/dayHalf-life4 hours12–15 hoursExcretionRenalHepaticProtein Binding95%55%StrengthsStrong effect, IV availabl..

👁 Glaucoma Meds – Topical CAIs (Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors)Topical CAIs lower intraocular pressure (IOP) byinhibiting carbonic anhydrase-2, which reduces aqueous humor production.💊 Key CAI Eye DropsDrug NameBrandIOP Reduction (3 mo)DorzolamideTrusopt-2.49 mmHgBrinzolamideAzopt-2.42 mmHg➡ Commonly used in combination therapies ⚠️ Common Side EffectsSide EffectFrequency & NotesBitter taste27%..

👁 Side Effects of α2 Agonists for Glaucoma (e.g., Brimonidine)α2 agonists such as Brimonidine (Alphagan-P, Bridin-T) andApraclonidine (Iopidine) are commonly used to lower IOPby both reducing aqueous humor production and enhancing uveoscleral outflow.📌 MechanismActionEffectα2 agonist↓ Aqueous production + ↑ Uveoscleral outflow👁 Ocular Side EffectsAllergic follicular conjunctivitis, contact de..

👁 Glaucoma Drugs – α2 Agonists Explainedα2 agonists are a class of glaucoma medications that:✅ Increase uveoscleral outflow✅ Reduce aqueous humor production➡ Core mnemonic: A2 = ↑Outflow + ↓Production💊 Key MedicationsDrugSummaryApraclonidineShort-term use, post-laser IOP spike, tachyphylaxis commonBrimonidineLong-term use, neuroprotective, available in 0.2% and 0.15% 📊 IOP Reduction Over 3 ..

👁 Glaucoma Treatment – Beta Blocker (BB) ReviewBeta blockers (BB) are first-line glaucoma medications that lower intraocular pressure (IOP)by inhibiting β2 receptors, thereby reducing aqueous humor production.💊 Common BB Agents & IOP ReductionDrugBrand NamesIOP Drop (mmHg)LevobunololBetagan4.51TimololTimoptic3.7CarteololCartelol3.44BetaxololBetoptic2.24➡ Timolol is the standard comparator in t..