Categories58 Glaucoma: Visual Field Loss, Visual field change 👁 Glaucoma: From Pressure to Vision LossStageDescriptionCauseElevated intraocular pressure (IOP ↑)ProcessGlaucomatous optic disc cuppingOutcomeVisual field loss🔬 Structure + Function = Glaucoma DiagnosisStructural changes: optic disc cupping, RNFL thinningFunctional loss: characteristic visual field defects (VFDs)✅ Diagnosis requires both structure & function🧠 Anatomical Basis of Visual Field.. 2025. 4. 20. Glaucomatous Optic Disc Cupping, damage of Retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) & Optic nerve fibers (axons) 👁 What is Glaucoma?Glaucoma is a progressive optic neuropathywith structural and functional damage involving:Retinal ganglion cells (RGCs)Optic nerve fibers (axons)✅ Diagnosis requires BOTH:Structural change (e.g. optic disc cupping)Functional loss (e.g. visual field defects)💡 Analogy to Systemic HypertensionSystemic HypertensionOcular Hypertension (Glaucoma)Narrowed vessels → high BPBlocked o.. 2025. 4. 20. What is Glaucoma? Structural damage to the optic nerve& Functional loss (visual field defects) 👁 What is Glaucoma?Glaucoma is a progressive optic neuropathycharacterized by loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and their axons,with both:Structural damage to the optic nerveFunctional loss (visual field defects)✅ It is the second leading cause of global blindness✅ It is painless, irreversible, and requires early detection🔍 Glaucoma Diagnosis Requires BOTH:ComponentDetailsStructuralOptic d.. 2025. 4. 20. Methanol-Induced Toxic Optic Neuropathy (TON), formic acid (formate) toxicity, blindness 👁 Methanol-Induced Toxic Optic Neuropathy (TON)Methanol is an industrial solvent used in windshield washer fluids, fuels, and antifreeze.Even small amounts can lead to severe visual loss or permanent blindness.🧪 PathophysiologyMethanol is metabolized in the liver to formic acid (formate)Formate accumulates in the optic nerve and retinaIt causes mitochondrial dysfunction, leading to:Axonal dege.. 2025. 4. 20. What is Ethambutol-Induced Optic Neuropathy (EON)?, TB ocular complication treatment of TB 👁 What is Ethambutol-Induced Optic Neuropathy (EON)?Ethambutol is a first-line treatment for tuberculosis (TB).Its most serious adverse effect is toxic optic neuropathy, referred to as EON. 🔬 PathophysiologyActs as a chelating agent → depletes essential metal ionsInhibits mitochondrial function in retinal ganglion cells→ Leads to axonal degeneration and optic nerve damage⚠ Risk FactorsFactorRi.. 2025. 4. 20. Overview of tuberculosis TB Treatment & Ethambutol Ocular Toxicity 👁 Overview of TB Treatment & Ethambutol Ocular ToxicityModern tuberculosis (TB) treatment relies on multi-drug regimens,usually over a 6-month period, using first-line anti-TB drugs:DrugAbbreviationFunctionIsoniazidHBactericidalRifampinRBactericidalEthambutolEResistance preventionPyrazinamideZRapid kill effect✅ Standard protocol: 2 HREZ / 4 HRFirst 2 months: H, R, E, ZNext 4 months: H, R💊 Fixe.. 2025. 4. 20. visual pathway:optic tract, lateral geniculate body (LGB), optic radiations, and visual cortex. 👁 Visual Field Defects by Lesion Location (Part 2)Following the previous overview of optic chiasm lesions,this summary focuses on the next segments of the visual pathway:optic tract, lateral geniculate body (LGB), optic radiations, and visual cortex.🧠 Key Visual TerminologyTermMeaningHomonymousSame-side (matching) field lossCongruousSymmetrical, identical field lossIncongruousAsymmetrical fiel.. 2025. 4. 19. Brain & Eye Connection: Visual Field Clues to Brain Lesions : Optic chiasm Optic tract 👁 Brain & Eye Connection: Visual Field Clues to Brain LesionsThe eye is embryologically part of the brain, and many central nervous system lesions produce visual field defects.Hence, neuro-ophthalmic signs can point toward intracranial pathology.🔍 Visual Pathway OverviewRetinaOptic nerveOptic chiasmOptic tractLateral geniculate body (LGB)Optic radiationMeyer's loop (temporal lobe): upper visua.. 2025. 4. 19. Radial Tear During Cataract Surgery? 👁 What is a Radial Tear During Cataract Surgery?A radial tear is a complication in which the anterior capsule tears outward in a radial patternduring CCC (Continuous Curvilinear Capsulorrhexis) in cataract surgery. 🔍 Normal Cataract Surgery StepsCorneal IncisionCCC – Circular tear in the anterior capsulePhacoemulsification – Lens emulsification & removalIOL Implantation – Lens placed in intac.. 2025. 4. 19. Prev 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Next
