EYE am FINE

👁 “Hypersensitivity Reactions in Ophthalmology – Types I to IV”Hypersensitivity refers to inappropriate or exaggerated immune responses to antigensthat are typically tolerated by the body.The Gell and Coombs classification (1963) remains the standard,dividing reactions into four types (I–IV), each with distinct immunologic mechanisms andclear links to various ocular diseases.🧠 Hypersensitivity..

Duane Retraction Syndrome (DRS) is a congenital ocular motility disorder caused by miswiring of cranial nerves, primarily affecting abduction/adduction and causing globe retraction and palpebral fissure narrowing.🔹 PathophysiologyNormally, CN III innervates the medial rectus and CN VI the lateral rectus.In DRS, CN VI is absent or underdeveloped, and CN III innervates both recti, causing co-cont..

👁 “Adjunctive and Surgical Treatments for Bacterial Keratitis – A Complete Guide”While topical antibiotics are the cornerstone of treatment,adjunctive therapies, judicious use of corticosteroids, and in severe cases,conjunctival flaps or full-thickness corneal grafts (PKP) may be necessary to save the eye.💊 Adjunctive Measures for Comfort & HealingMeasurePurposeLid hygiene / discharge removalI..

Treatment of bacterial keratitis hinges on prompt and targeted antibiotic therapy. Empirical broad-spectrum antibiotics are used initially, then tailored based on gram staining and culture results. Delivery methods vary based on severity and location of infection.🔹 Strategy OverviewEmpirical Therapy - For unknown or polymicrobial cases - 1st-gen cephalosporin + aminoglycoside or 4th-gen fluoroq..

👁 “Microbiologic Diagnosis of Bacterial Keratitis – From Scraping to Staining”While clinical features can suggest a probable pathogen,the definitive diagnosis of bacterial keratitis requires microbiologic confirmation viacorneal scraping, staining, and culture to guide antibiotic choice and ensure appropriate management.🔍 Diagnostic Steps for Microbial KeratitisStepDescriptionClinical suspicio..

..Nontuberculous Mycobacterium (NTM) is a rare but critical pathogen in post-surgical infectious keratitis, especially after refractive surgeries like LASIK. Due to its slow growth and deep stromal localization, early detection is difficult and misdiagnosis as non-infectious DLK or viral keratitis is common.🔹 Microbial Profile & PathogenesisNTM refers to all mycobacteria excluding M. tuberculos..

👁 “Uncommon Bacterial Keratitis – Clues to Rare Organisms”While most corneal ulcers are caused by common bacteria like Staphylococcus or Pseudomonas,rare pathogens like Clostridium, Bacillus, Nocardia, and Azotobacter may cause highly specific forms of keratitis,often requiring tailored management due to their distinctive clinical signatures.🦠 Summary Table of Rare Bacterial KeratitisPathogenC..

This post explores less common but clinically relevant bacteria that can cause microbial keratitis. These include Moraxella, Corynebacterium diphtheriae, and Haemophilus influenzae. Though less frequent than Staphylococcus or Pseudomonas, they present unique challenges in diagnosis and management.🔹 Moraxella spp.Risk Factors: Diabetes, alcoholism, systemic illness, autoimmune diseasesClinical S..

👁 “Gonococcal Keratitis – A Rapidly Destructive Corneal Infection”Neisseria gonorrhoeae, a well-known cause of sexually transmitted infections (STIs),can cause severe purulent conjunctivitis that, if untreated, may rapidly evolve into ulcerative keratitis and corneal perforation.🦠 Summary Table of Gonococcal Eye InfectionCategoryDetailsClinical Presentation🔹 Suppurative conjunctivitis🔹 Corne..